Architectural Building Materials By George Salvan Pdf Free __TOP__ 15

Architectural Building Materials By George Salvan Pdf Free __TOP__ 15

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Some building materials like cold rolled steel framing are considered modern methods of construction, over the traditionally slower methods like blockwork and timber. Many building materials have a variety of uses, therefore it is always a good idea to consult the manufacturer to check if a product is best suited to your requirements.

ARCHITECTUR.AL UTILITIES 2 ELECTRICAL& MECHANICAL EOUIPMENTSTHENEW LADDER TYPE CURRICULUM REVISED EDITlON GEORGESALINDASALVAN... fuap ASSISTANT PROFESSOR CollegeofEngineeringandArchitecture Baguio CollegesFoundation 1980-1988First andlone graduate of B.S.Architecture,1963 North ofManila,St.LouisUniversity Baguio City Former instructor 1965-1969at St.LouisUniversity Recipient of variousACEcertificates,Architects Continuing EducationProgram AlicensedArchitect,active practitionerand a licensedbuildingconstructor,inyentor and a board topnotcher. Pastpresident ofUnited Architects Phils.Baguio Chapter 1982 and1983ElectedNationalDirector;UAP,RegionalDistrictI for the year1987.Conferredthe title of "FELLOW" United Architects Phils. College ofFellows,October,1988 . JMCPRESS,INC. 388QuezonAvenue,QuezonCityPhHippine Copyright1999 by: JMC PRESS, INC. and GEORGE S. SALVANAllrights reserved. Nopart of this book may be reproduced in anymanner without permission of the publisher. REVISED EDITIONISBN:971-11-0997-2 Published and Printed by: JMC PRESS, INC. 388QUEZONAVENUE,QUEZON CITY Tel.Nos.410-9534 7408817 TELEFAX:712-4929Distributed by: GOODWILL BOOKSTORES Glorietta 3 Mall, Ayala CenterAyala Avenue, Makati City Tel.Nos. 893-9058/893-9079FaxNo.(632)810-9033 e-mail: [email protected] pworld.net.ph. Dedicated toall future Architects andEngineers The hope for afunctional,comfortable and convenient designs for better living. ..' ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completionof this book was made into realitythroughthe patient andefforts of the artist and graduate ofarchitecture,Mr. Johnny Tino Camsol. Special thanks are alsoacknowledge to the following artist who contributed in makingdraw-ings notably, Roy Pagador, Albert Martin, who help in thecover design, Fermin Balangcod, Jerry JunSuyat;GeoffreyBehis,Charles Alanqui and ClamorLecitona,all from theGSS Construction and TradingEnterprises. To the ones who lentunselfishly their Books, like Dean Aveline Cruz of the BaguioColleges Foundation EngineeringDepartment and Miss Macabiog,aLibrarian of the same school. To Mr.Luis V.Canave who guided me onthe complete process of publishing and printing books andtoMr.FranciscoC.Malicsi,TeresitaG.Espinoza,EduardoC.VillanuevaandParaides G. Aragones for their untiring cooperation in preparingthe manuscripts typewritten by Miss Thelma T. Villarealincomputerized typesetting. To the many students of Architecturewhose curiosity about and interest in Electrical and MechanicalEquipment and its realizationin book form have been a source ofinspiration. And lastly the author wants to acknowledge his heavyindebtedness to the various authors listed in the bibliography. vPREFACESincethecurriculumforB.S.Architecturewasrevised,thereisaneedforamorecomprehensive study of the subject inElectricalandMechanicalequipments.TheArchitectistheprimeprofessionalandauthorofthebuildingaesignwithwhichaprojectwillbeconstructed,hefunctionsasthecreatorandcoordinatorofthedifferentaspectsinvolvedintheplanningandassuch,Architectshastobeknowledgeableinasummer of fields in additionto those that are concerned mainly withthe building design for him to properly assist and serve hisclient.After the designis approved,the complete con-structiondrawings andspecifications are prepared.It ishere where thespecifications and detailedconstructiondrawingssettingforthindetailtheworkrequiredforElectricalandMechanicalequipments and other service-connected equipments isdone. Thisbook is intended asapracticalguide to goodelectricalandmechanicaldesigningin architecture.It iswrittenprimarily for architects,engineers,andstudents ofarchitecture, electrical engineering and civil engineering, and allothers who wish a non-mathematical but comprehensive treatise onthis subject.Usefuldesigndatahavebeenpresentedinsucha manner thatthe text can serve as a convenient handbook in the solutionof mostproblems encountered in Architecture &Electrical/Mechanicalequipments. A strong trend in modern architectural treatment is thecasual acceptance of equipment as a design element, togetherwithaesthetics,function,andstructure.Forexample,theinclinationtohideequipmentbehindfurringisdiminishing. The book is divided into three parts.It is arranged in a sequential manner so as to guide thereaderfromtheenergyandenvironmentto the indoorclimatecontrolwhichisdiscussedlengthilyhere,theauthorfeaturesthesolarenergyandfireplacedesignswhichisfastbecominga part of moderndesign. Thesecondpartdealswithelectricityandstartsfromtheprinciplestothesystemsandwiringmaterialsto the service andutilization. Whenthereader has abackgroundof these subject matter thenhe is new readyfor thewiringdesignof the whole system. The third part deals on Signalequipment and the vertical transportation which comprises theelevatorandescalators.OntheAppendixisincludedsomehighlightsofacousticsandlighting which is to be discussedmore indetail in a future book theauthor ispreparing.Eachsubjectmatterisaccompaniedimmediatelywiththecorrespondingillustrationsforclarity andthe excerpts from the electricalcode is also included.vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter1 PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICITY................................................1 ElectricEnergy, 2Unit of Electric Current; The Ampere,2 Unit ofElectricPotential;The Volt, 3 Unit of ElectricResistance;TheOhm, 3Ohm's Law, 4 Circuit Arrangements,4 .. Direct CurrentandAlternatingCurrent (d-eanda-c},9 ElectricPower Generation,10Power and Energy,11 Power and ElectricCircuits,11 Energy andElectricCircuits,12 ElectricLoad Control,13ElectricalMeasurements,19 Chapter2 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM AND MATERIALS:WIRING ..............21 SystemComponents,22 NationalElectricCode,24Economics of Material Selection,41 Energy Consideration,41ElectricalEquipment Rating Interior Wiring System, 42 Conductors,43 Conductor Ampacity, 44 Conductor Insulation and Jackets, 44Copper andAluminum Conductors, 47 FlexibleMetal CladCable, 47Conductors for General Wiring, 48 Non Metallic SheatedCable,48Special Cable Types,49 Busway, 50 CableBus,52 Flat CableAssemblies,53 Cable Tray, 56 ClosedRaceways,56 Floor Raceways, 63CeilingRaceway System, 70 Prewired CeilingDistribution System, 72Boxes andCabinets,72 Chapter3ELECTRICALSYSTEMSANDMATERIALSSERVICE& UTILIZATION...........................................................................75Electric Service,75 OverheadService,76 Underground Service,76Underground Wiring, 78 ServiceEquipment; 79 Transformers,79 ServiceEquipment Arrangements and Metering, 82 ix Chapter4 ServiceSwitch,83 Switches, 84 Contactors, 96 SpecialSwitches, 96 CircuitProtectiveDevice,96 Switchboards andSwitchgear, 96 UnitSubstation,102 Panelboards,105 ElectricMotors,110 Motor Control,111Receptacles,112 SwitchDevice,113 Outlet andDeviceBoxes,115 LightingProtection System, 116 Emergency/Standby Power Equipment,120ELECTRIC WIRING DESIGN GeneralConsideration,124 LoadEstimating,125System Voltage,129 Grounding and GroundFault Protection,134DesignProcedure,136 ElectricSpaces,137 ElectricClosets,140Equipment Layout,141 Applicationof Overcurrent Equipment,142BranchCircuit Design,144 Alternative WiringTechniques,146BranchCircuitDesign,148 Guidelines Residential Load Tabulation,161PanelLoadCalculation,163 RiserDiagrams,170 ServiceEquipmentandSwitchboard Design,171 EmergencySystem,171 123 Chapter5HEATING,VENTILATING, AIR CONDITIONING .....................181 X Metabolism,182 ThermalEquilibriumandComfort,182 Regulationof theThermalEnvironment,183 Criteriafor Thermal Comfort,186. IndoorHumidity in Winter,185 Copingwith SpecialConditions,186TheRecycling of Air,187 HeatLoss ThermalValue of Walls andRoofs,189Importance of Heat Conservation, 190 Nature ofHeat Flow,192 HeatFlowThrough Homogenous Solids,192 Air Spaces,197 Effect of AirMotion, 198 Transmission ThroughBuilding Units,198 Residential HeatGain, 199 NonResidential Heat Gain Calculations, 201 ReflectiveInsulating Glass. 202 Solar Energy and Energy Conservation, 203Chapter6 HeatingCoolingVentilation,216 EnergyRequirements,218Combustion,Chimneys andFuelStorage,218 WarmAirHeating,220ResourcefulnessintheDesignof WarmAirSystem, 226 HotWaterandSteamBoilders,229 Hot WaterHeating System,232CirculatingPump,237 Fireplaces,238 Hydronic Heating Design andZoning, 250 RefrigeratedCooling for House,254 CentralStationAirConditioning, 256 Psychrometry,262 TheHeat Pump, 265TheInductionMethod, 267 IncrementalHeating CoolingUnits, 268DualDuct HighVelocity Systems,270 Ventilation,273 SIGNAL SYSTEMPrivateResidentialSystem,278 ResidentialFireAlarmSystems,280ResidentialIntrusionAlarmSystems,285ResidentialTelevisionAntennaSystems,286ResidentialIntercomandSoundSystem, 286ResidentialTelephoneSystem,287 NonCodedManualStations, 290CodedManual Stations,291 Sprinkler Alarms,291 FireProtection,292Non CodedSystems,294 Master CodedSystems, 295 ZoneCodedSystems,296DualCodedSystems,297 Selective CodedSystems,297 OfficeBuildingPrivate Telephone andIntercom Systems,299IndustrialBuildingSecurity Systems,301IndustrialBuildingPagingSystem,305IndustrialBuildingFireAlarmSystems,305 278 Chapter7TRANSPORTATION,.. ......... ...... .... .. .... .... ... ... .... ... ....... ........ ...308 PassengerElevator,308 ElevatorEquipment,308GearlessTractionMachines,311 GearedTractionMachines,311ArrangementofElevatorMachines, Sheaves andropes,312 Safety Devices,314 Elevator Doors,315 Cabs andSignals,318 Elevator Selection, 319Single ZoneSystem,334 ThePhysicalProperties andSpatial, XIRequirements of Elevators, 335 SpecialElevators,345FreightElevators,359 Material-HandlingEquipment,355 MovingStairwaysand Walks,359 Location.360 Parallel andCrisscrossArrangements,361SizeCapacity andSpeed,363 Components,364 StandardVersusModularDesigns,366 Safety Features,369 FireProtection,370 Application,373Moving WalksandRamps,375 APPENDICES.......................................... ................... .. .... .. .......... .xii Acoustics Lighting chapterPRINCIPLESOF ELECTRICITY PRINCIPLESOFELECTRICITY 2 1.ELECTRICITY ENERGY In terms of naturalresourceselectricity is an expensive fonn of energy. since the efficiency ofheat-to-electricity conversion,on acommercial scale,rarely exceeds40%.Electricity con-stitutes a form of energy itsetf which occursnaturally only in unusable forms such as lightn-ing and otherstatic discharges or in the natural galvanic cells,which causecorrosion.The primary problem in the utilization of electric energyis that, unlike fuels or even heat, it can-not be stored andtherefore must be generatedandutilized at the sameinstanf. The bulkof electric energy utilized today is in the form of alternatingcurrent (a-c),produc-edbya-cgenerators,commonlycalledalternators.Direct-current(d-elgeneratorsareutilized for special applications requiring large quantities ofd-e.Inthe building field such a requirement is found in elevatorwork. Smaller quantities of d-e, furnished either by batteries orby rectifiers are utilized for telephone and signal equipment,controls, and other specializ-edusas. 2.UNIT OFELECTRIC CURRENT THE''AMPERE" When electricity flows in a conductor, a certain numberof electron$ pass a given point in the conductor in 1 second.Numerically, an ampere of current flows in a conductor when 6.25 x1018electrons pass a givencross sectionin1 second.Current oramperage, is abbreviated Amp, Amps or a.(on120 volt service,theordinary 100 Watt lamp filament carries about 0.833 amp,the motorfor a desk calculator. about 1.00 amp.} Current is represented inequa-tions by 1. Battery Produces Voltage "V'' Pump producesPressure" P" T CURReNT cf:o-------.J Switch ELECTRIC-HYDRAULICANALOGY RESISTANCE ..,R..,. FRICTION 'F .. It is convenient toestablish an analogy between electric systems and mechani_calsystems as an aid to comprehension.Current, or amperage, is ameasure of flow and, and such, wouldcorrespondtowaterflowinahydraulicsystem.Thecorrespondenceisnotcomplete, however, since in the hydraulic system the velocity ofwater flow varies, whereas in the elec-tricsystemthevelocityofpropagation is constantandf!18Ybeconsideredinstantaneous; hence,theneed to utilize the electric energy the instant it is produced.3.UNIT OF ELECTRIC POTENTIAL THE "VOLT" OR "V" The electronmovement and its concomittant energy, which constituteselectricity, is caused bycreatingahigherpositiveelectricchargeatonepointonaconductorthanexistsat another point on that sameconductor. This difference in charge can be created in a number ofways.The oldest and simplest method is by electrochemical action,asin the battery.In the ordinary dry cell,or in a storage battery,chemical action causes positive charges {+}tocollectonthepositiveterminalandelectronsornegativecharges(-Jtocollectonthenegativeterminals.Thereisa definite forceattraction,or tendencytoflow,betweentheelectrifiedparticlesconcentratedatthepositiveandnegativeterminals.Potentialdif-ferenceorVoltageisthenamegiventothiselectromotiveforce{emf}.Thisforceisanalogous to pressure in a hydraulic or pneumatic system. Just asthe pressure produced by a pump or blower causes water or air toflow in a connecting pipe, sotoo the potential (emf, voltage)produced by a battery (or generator) causes current to flow whenthe terminals bet-weenwhich a voltage exists are connectedby aconductor. Thehigher the voltage(pressure},the higher the currentWow) for a given resistance(fric-tion). LOAD R TERMINAI..S +BATTERY 4.UNIT OF ELECTRICRESISTANCE: THEOHM SWITCHByconventioncurrentisassistedto flowfrompositiveI + }tonegative {-). The flow of fluid in a hydraulic system is impeded byfriction;the flow of current in an elec-tric circuitisimpeded{resisted)by resistance,whichis theelectricaltermforfriction.In a direct-current circuit (d-el this unit is calledresistance and is abbreviated R;in an alternating-current circuit(a-c)it is called impedance and is abbreviated Z.The unit ofmeasurement is calledtheohm. Materials displaydifferent resistanceto theflow of electric current.Metals generally havetheleastresistanceandarethereforecalledconductors.Thebestconductorsarethe3 4 preciousmetals-silver,gold,andplatinum-with coppetandaluminumonly slightlyin-ferior.Conversely,materialsthatresisttheflowofcurrentarecalledinsulators.Glass,mica,rubber,oil,distilledwater,porcelain,andcertainsyntheticssuchasphenoliccom-pounds exhibit this insulatingpropertyandarethereforeusedto insulateelectricconduc-tors.Common examplesare .rubber and plastic wire coverings,porcelain lamp sockets,andoil-immersed switches. INSULATOR 5.OHM'S LAW Thecurrent Ithat willflow in ad-ecircuit is directly proportionalto the voltage Vandin-versely proportional to the resistance R of the ci rcuit.Expressed as an equation, we have the basic formofOhm's law that vI =-R-that is,a current1 is produced that is proportionalto theelectric pressure Vandinversely proportionalto theelectricfrictionR. Examples: 1)An incandescent lamp having a hotresistance of 66 ohms is put into a socket that iscon-nectedtoa 115V supply.What current flows throughthe lamp? I=.::!__I=.!..!.?=1.74 amperes R66 (thesefigures correspondto a normal 200 Wlamp)2)Abathroomheater draws11amperesat120V whatisits hot resistance?R="i= 120 =10.91ohms I11 (these figures correspondto a1320Wportable heater} 3)Ahouseholdelectricwaterheaterisrated220Vand20amperes.Whatistheunit'sresistancewhendrawing this amountof current? R=Y.8= 220 = 11 OhmsI20 6.CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS a)Series CircuitsTheelementsareconnectedoneaftertheotherinseries.Thus,theresistanceand voltages add. -......lo --......c\oo*-1 'f-+++ S VOLTS 9VOLTS 10 OHMS15OHMS -oPQQQ J INATE:t:Tlbf-.1!"DRlAUE AIRa!Z'a.liT t.aJILpjt.j - t.V.INFEECERSAHPBUILPII"G. 23 24 2.NATIONAL ELECTRIC CODE-Or NEC is acode used by all inspectors, electrical designers, engineers,contractors, and the operating personnelchargedwiththeresponsibilityfor safeoperation. NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OFTHEPHILIPPINES RULE IX-ELECTRICAL REGULATIONS Pursuant to Section102,203 and 1301 of the National Building Code (PO 1096) thefollowingRulesshallgoverntheinstallationQfPrimaryandSecondaryDistributionLines,Transformersandother equipment insubdivisions alongpublicandprivateroadsandat-tachedto or over buildings.1.GeneralLocational .RequirementsinTowns,Subdivisions,HumanSettlements,In-dustrialEstatesand the like. Overhead transmission and/or distributionlines/systems includingtransformers, poles,towersandthelikeshallbelocatedandinstalledfollowingthelateststandardsofdesign, construction and maintenance. However, in the interest ofpublic safety, conve-ni ence,good viewingandaestheticsmay belocatedandinstalledalongalleysorback streets so asnot tocausevisualpollution. 2.Locationof Poles and Clearances ofPowerLines alongPublicRoads. a.All poles erected on public roadsshall be covered by Approved Pole Location (APU plan from theHighway District City/Municipal Engineer. b.Polesandtransformersupportsshallbelocated not more than 500 mm inside from the roadright-of-way or property line, and shall not obstruct the sidwalk,pedestrian path and/or the road drainage canal orstructure,existing or proposed. c.Primary lines shall have aminimum vertical clearance of 10M from the crown of the pavementwhencrossingthehighway and7.5 Mfromthetop of the shoulderorsidewalk when installedalongthe side of the highway or street in ahighly urbanized area. d.Secondary, neutral and service lines shallhave a minimum vertical clearance of 7.5 M fromthecrownof theroadpavement when crossi ng the highway and from the top of theshoulder or sidewalk when installed alongthe side of the highway orstreet in highly urbanized areas.e.ClearancesofSupportingStructures suchasPoles,Towers,andothersandtheir guys and braces measured from thenearest parts of the objects concerned: FromFireHydrants,notlessthan5M. FromStreetCorners.wherehydrantsarelocatedatstreetcorners,polesand towers shall be be set so far from thecorners as to make necessary the use of fly-ingtaps whichareinaccessiblefromth'epoles. From Curbs,not less than150 mmmeasured from the curb awayfrom the road-way. NOTE:Guy wiresandother structures shallinno way be installedas to obstructpedestrian and/or vehicular traffic. 3.Attachments on andClearances from Buildings a.Attachments for support of powerlinesand cables,transformersand other equip-ment and/orcommunications linesinstalled onbuildings shall be covered by anAp-proved Attachment Plan from the localBuilding Official. b.Wherebuildings exceed 15M in height, overhead lines shall be arrangedwhere prac-ticable so that a clear space or zones at least 2 M widewill be left, either adjacent to the building or beginning not over2.5 Mfrom the building, to facilitate the raising of ladderswherenecessaryforfirefighting. EXCEPTION:Thisrequirement doesnotapply whereit istheruleof the localfire department to exclude theuseof ladders in alleys or other restricted places which generallyoccupied by supply lines.Table1.MinimumVerticalClearanceofWiresAboveGroundorRails(Supplywires include trolley feeders) Nature of Ground or railsunder-neath Overheadguys: messengers: Communications, span,andlightning protectionwires; communication cable;supply cable havingeffectively grounded continuous metalsheat,orin-sulatedconductorssupported on and cabledtogether with aneffectively groundedmessenger, allvoltages WHERE WIRESCROSSOVER Opensupplylinewires,are wires and service drops 15000 0to750 toto 7501500050000voltsvoltsvolts T roilycontact con-tact conductors and ..associatedspanor messenger wires 0 toExceed-750ing 750 voltsvoltstotoground ground MetersMetersMetersMetersMetersMeters Trackrails ofrailroads(except electrifiedrailroads using overhead trolleyconductors) handling freight cars on top of whichmenarepermittedTrackrailsof rail roads(except electrified railroads using overheadtrolley conductors) not included above Publicstreet,alleysorroadsor roads in urban or rural districts Drivewaysto residence garagesSpaces or ways accessible to pedestrianonly 8.20 5.50 5.50 3 3 4.58.20 5.50 5.50 3 4.5 8.596.76.7 66.75.56 66.75.5.6 66.75.564.55.24.95.5WHEREWIRESRUNALONG,ANDWITHINTHELIMITSOFPUBLICHIGHWAYSOROTHERPUBLICRIGHTS-OF-WAY FORTRAFFIC Streetoralleysinurbandis-tricts Roadsin ruraldistricts 5.50 4.20 5.5 4.56 5.5 6.7 6 5.5 5.5 6 6 25 26 4.Open Supply Conductors Attached toBuilding Where the permanent attachment of open supply conductorsof any class to buildings is necessary for anentrancesuchconductors shallmeet the following requirements: a.Conductorsof morethan300 voltsto ground shallnot becarried along or near thesurfaceof the buildingunlesstheyareguardedor madeinaccessible.b.Topromotesafetytothegeneralpublicandtoemployeesnotauthorizedtoap-proachconductorsandothercurrent-carryingpartsofelectricsupplylines,such parts shall be arranged so as to provideadequate clearance from the ground or other space generallyaccessible, or shall be provided with guards so as to isolate themef-fectively from accidentalcontact by suchpersons.c.Ungroundedmetal-sheathedservicecables,serviceconduits,metalfixturesand similarnon-currentcarryingparts,iflocatedinurbandistrictsandwhereliabletobecome charged to more t h ~ n300 volts to ground, shall beisolated or guarded so as not to be exposed to accidental contactby unauthorized persons.As an alternativetoisolationorguardingnon-current-carryingpartsshallbesolidlyoreffectivelygrounded. d.Clearance of wires from building surface shall be notless than those required in Table 2. Table 2.Clearances of SupplyConductors fromBuildings VOLTAGEOFSUPPLY CONDUCTORS 300to 8,700volts More than8,700 to 15,000 volts More than15;000 to 50,000volts Exceeding50,000 volts HORIZONTAL CLEARANCE INMETERS 1.0 2.53:0 3.0 plus 10 mm per Kv in excess VERTICALCLEARANCE INMETERS 2.52.5 3.0 3.0 plus10 mm per Kv in excess (2)Where spanlength exceeds45 Mthe increased clearances required by Rule232,B,1 ofthePECshallbeprovided.e.Supportsoverbuildings.Service-dropconductorspassingoveraroofshallbesecurely supported by substantial structures. Where practicable,such supports shall be independent of the Building. 5.ConductorsPassingBy or Over Buildings a.Minimum Clearances.Unguarded oraccessible supply conductors carrying voltages inexcessof300voltsmayberune i t h ~ rbesideoroverbuildings.The verticalorhorizontal clearanceto any buildingor itsattachments(balconies,platforms,etc.) shall be as listed below. Thehorizontal clearance governs above the roof level to the pointwhere the diagonal equals the verticalclearance" requirement. Thisrule should not beinterpreted asrestrictingthe installationofatrolleycontact conductor over the approximate centerline ofthetrackit serves. b.Guardingof Supply Conductors/Supply Conductorsof 300 volts ormore shallbe proPllrly guarded by groundedconduit,barriers,or otherwise,under the following conditions:1)Where the clearances set forth in Table 2 above cannot beobtained. 2)Where suchsupply conductors areplacednearenough towindows, verandas, fire escapes,or other ordinarilyaccessibleplaces within the reachof persons.NOTE:Supplyconductorsingroundedmetalsheathedcablesareconsideredtobeguardedwithin themeaningof this rule.c.Wheretherequiredclearancescannotbeobtained,supplyconductorsshallbeorGroundedMetallicShield,JacketedPrimaryCablesgroupedorbundledandsup-portedbygroundedmessenger wires. Table 3.Minimum Clearance in Any DirectionFrom Line Conductors to supports, and to Vertical or LateralConductors. Span OlGuy Wires Attached to the Same Support {Allvoltages are between conductors) Clearance of lineconduc-torsfrom-Verticaland lateralconduc-tors:Of same ci rcuit Of othercir-cuits Spanand guy wires attached to samepole: GeneralWhenparallelto Ligtning-protection wires paralleltoline Surfaces ofcross-arms Surfacesof poles In gene-ral mm 75 75 75 75 75 756.Clearanceof Service Drops Communication lines On joint-ly usedpoles mm 75 75 150 150 75 125 Ingene-ral mm 75 150 150 300 75 75Supply Lines 0to 8,700 volts On joint-ly used poles mm 75 150 150300 75 125 Exceeding 8,700 volts, and for each 1,000 volts ofexcess mm 6.25 10 lO 10 5 5 a.Servicedrop conductorsshallnotbereadi lyaccessibleandwhennot inexcessof 600volts,shall conform tothe following: 27 28 Clearance Over Roof. ' Conductors shallhave aclearance of not less than 2,5 M from the highest point of roofsover which they pass withthe followingexcep-tions:ExceptionNo.1.Where thevoltagebetweenconductors doesnot exceed300votts and the roof has a slope of not less than100 mm in300 mm, theclearance may not be less than1 M. Exception No. 2.Service dropconductors of 300 volts or less which do not pass over other thanamaximum of 1.2 Mof the overhang portion of the roof for thepurpose of terminating at a through-the-roof service raceway orapproved support may be maintained at aminimumof 500 mm from anyport.ionof the roof over which they pass.... b.Clearance fromGround. Conductors shall have a clearance of not less than 3M fromthegroundor from any platform or projectionfromwhichthey mightbereached. c.Clearance fromBuilding Openings.Conductors shallhaveahorizontalclearance of not less than 1 M from windows, doors,porches, fire escapes or similar locations and shallberun at least500 mm abovethe top levelof a window or opening. d.Service Drop of'communication lines, when crossing a street, shallhave a clearanceof not less than5.50 meters fromthecrown of thestreet orsidewalkover whichit passes. Service Drop of communication Jinesshall have a minimum clearance of 3.00 meters above ground at itspoint of attachment to the building or pedestal. e.No parts ofswimming and wadingpools shallbe placedunder existingservice-dropconductors orany other over-head wiring; nor shallsuch wiring beinstalled above the following:a)Swimmingandwadingpoolsandtheareaextending3.00metersoutwardhorizontally fromthe insideof the walls of the pool.b)DivingStructures c)Observation stands,towers or platforms7.WiringMethods Service entrance conductors extending alongtheexterior or entering buildings or other structures shallbeinstalled inrigidsteelconduitor asbestoscement conduit or con-creteencased plastic conduit from point of seNice drop to meter socketand from meter to the disconnecting equipment.However, where theservice entrance conductors are protected by approvedfuses orbreakersat their outer ends !immediately after the ser-vicedroporlateral ) theymay beinstalledanyof therecognizedwiringmethods.a.Abandoned Lines and/ or portions of Jines no longer required toprovide service shall beremoved. b.Power or communicationpoles,lines,service drops and other line equipment shall be freefrom any attachment for antennas,signs,streamersandthe like_c.Metallicsheathsorjacketsofoverheadpowerorcommunicationcablesshallbegroundedatapointascloseaspossibletogroundlevelwheneversuchcableschange from overheadto underground installations. 8.Transformersa.Oil-insulatedTransforme,.InstalledOutdoo,.Combustiblematerial.Com-bustible buildings andparts ofbuildings,free escapes,door and window openings shall besafeguarded from fires originating in oil-insulated transformersinstalled on, attachedto, or adjacent to abuilding orcombustiblematerial.Space separations, fireresistantbarriersandenclosures whichconfine the. oil of rapturedtransformer tank arerecognized safeguards. One Or more of these safeguards shall beapplied ac-cording to the degree of hazardinvolved in cases wherethe transformer installation presents a fire hazard. Oil enclosuresmay consist of fire-resistant dikes, curbed areas or basins, ortrenches filled with coarse, crushed stone. Oil enclosures shall bepro-vided with trapped drains in cases where the exposure and thequantity of oil involv-ed are suchthat removed of oil is important.b.Dry-Type Transformers InstalledIndoors.Transformersrated112-1/2KVAorlessshallhaveseparationofatleast300mmfromcombustiblematerialunlessseparatedtherefromby afire-resistantheat-insulating barrier,orunless of a rating not exceeding 600 volts andcompletely enclosedexcept for ventilatingopenings . .. Transformers of more 112-1/2KVA rating shall be installed in a transformer roomof-ficeresistantconstructionunlesstheyareconstructedwithClassB(80Crise)or Class H(150C rise) insulation, and are separated from combustible materialnot less than 1.85 Mhorizontally and 3.7 M vertically or areseparated therefrom by a fire-re-sistant heat-insulating barrier.Transformers ratedmore35,000 volts shallbeinstalled in a vault.c.Askarel-lnsulatedTransfformenlnstaftedIndoors.Askarel-insulatedtransformers rated in excess of 25 KVA shall be furnished with apressure-relief vent. Where installed in a poorly ventilated placethey shall be furnished with a means for absorbing any gasesgenerated by arcing inside the case,or the pressure relief ventshallbeconnectedtoachimneyor fluewhichwillcarrysuchgasesoutsidethebuilding. Askarel-insulated transformers rated more than 35,000volts shall be install-edin a vault. d.Oil-Insulated TransformersInstalled Indoors. Oil-insulated transformers shall be installed ina vault constructed as specified in thisSection except asfollows:11NOTOVER112-1/2KVATOTALCAPACITY.Theprovisionsfortransformer vaultsspecified in Section 9.3 of this Rule apply except that the vaultmay be con-structed of reinforcedconcretenot less than100 mm thick.2)NOT OVER600VOLTS.Avaultisnot requiredprovided suitablearrangementsaremadewherenecessarytopreventatransformeroilfireignitingotherandthe total transformer capacity in one location does not exceed10 KVA in a section of the building classified ascombustible,or 75KVA where the surrounding structure is classifiedasfire-resistantconstruction. 3)FURNACE TRANSFORMERS.Electric furnace transformersof a total rating not exceeding 75 KVA may be installed without avault in a building or room offire-resistantconstructionprovidedsuitablearrangementsaremadetopreventatransformer oil fire spreadingto other combustiblematerial.4)DETACHED BUILDING. Transformers may be installed in a buildingwhich does not conform with the provisions specified in this Codefor transformer vault, pro-vided neither the building nor itscontents present fire hazard to any other building orproperty,andprovidedthe building is usedonly insupplyingelectricservice andthe interior is accessible only toqualitied persons: e.Guarding. Transformers shallbeguardedasfollows: 1)MECHANIC PROTECTION. Appropriate provisionsshall be made to minimize thepossibilityofdamagetotransformersfromexternalcauseswherethetransformers are located exposedto physical damage. 21CASEORENCLOSURE.Dry-Typetransformersshaltbeprovidedwithanon-combustiblemoisture resistantcaseor enclosurewhich willprovidereasonableprotection against accident inser